Orwell biography wikipedia

Wife of George Orwell (–)

Sonia Orwell
Born	Sonia Mary Brownell ()25 August Calcutta, Bengal Presidency, British India
Died	11 December () (aged&#;62) London, England
Nationality	British
Occupation	Archivist
Known&#;for	The Orwell Archive
Spouses	George Orwell &#; &#; (m.&#;; died&#;)&#;
Relatives	Richard Blair (adoptive stepson)

Sonia Mary Brownell (25 August – 11 December ), enhanced known as Sonia Orwell, was the second wife of scribe George Orwell.

Sonia is believed to be the model for Julia, the heroine of Nineteen Eighty-Four.^[1][2]

Sonia worked with the Knowledge Research Department (IRD), a propaganda department of the British Foreign Office, which helped to multiply the international fame of Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four.

With her support, the IRD was able to translate Animal Farm into over 16 languages,^[3] and for British embassies to disseminate the book in over 14 countries for propaganda purposes.^[4] Soon after her husband's death, Sonia sold the film rights to Animal Farm to a pair of movie executives, unaware they were agents of the American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).

This deal resulted in the creation of the propaganda film Animal Farm (), which became the first feature-length animated film made in Britain.^[5]

Early life

Brownell was born in Calcutta, British India,^[6] the daughter of a British colonial official.

British Broadcasting Corporation Dwelling. He resigned in and decided to become a writer. Inhe moved to Paris where lack of success as a scribe forced him into a series of menial jobs. He described his experiences in his first book, 'Down and Out in Paris and London', published in

Her father died when she was four years old.^[7] When she was six, she was sent to the Sacred Heart Convent in Roehampton (now part of Roehampton University), in England. She left at 17 and, after learning French in Switzerland, took a secretarial course.^[7] As a young woman, Brownell was responsible for transcribing and rewriting the copy text for the first edition of the Winchester Le Morte d'Arthur, as assistant to the eminent medievalist at Manchester University, Eugène Vinaver.^{[citation needed]}

Orwell

Brownell first met Orwell when she worked as the assistant to Cyril Connolly, a friend of his from Eton College, at the literary magazine Horizon.

After the death of his first wife Eileen O'Shaughnessy, Orwell became desperately lonely. On 13 October , he married Brownell, only three months before his death from tuberculosis.

George Orwell's friends, as well as various Orwell experts, have noted that Brownell helped Orwell through the painful last months of his experience and, according to Anthony Powell, cheered Orwell up greatly.

However, others have argued that she may have also been attracted to him primarily because of his fame.^[6] Orwell biographer Bernard Crick told The Washington Post he did not think that Brownell "had much influence on his life" and asserted that "it was more or less an accident that they married."^[8]

Nineteen Eighty-Four

T.

R. Fyvel, who was a colleague and friend of George Orwell during the last decade of the writer's being, and other friends of Orwell, have said that Sonia was the model for Julia, the heroine of Nineteen Eighty-Four, the "girl from the fiction department" who brings love and warmth to the middle-aged hero, Winston Smith.^[9]

As Orwell wrote in Nineteen Eighty-Four, "the girl from the fiction department was looking at him She was very adolescent, he thought, she still expected something from life She would not accept it as a law of nature that the individual is always defeated All you needed was luck and cunning and boldness.

Eric Arthur Blair 25 June — 21 January was an English novelist, poet, essayist, journalist and critic who wrote under the feather name of George Orwell. His work is characterised by lucid prosesocial criticismopposition to all totalitarianism both authoritarian communism and fascismand support of democratic socialism. Orwell is best known for his allegorical novella Animal Farm and the dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Fouralthough his works also encompass literary criticismpoetry, fiction and polemical journalism. His non-fiction works, including The Road to Wigan Pierdocumenting his experience of working-class life in the industrial north of England, and Homage to Cataloniaan account of his experiences soldiering for the Republican faction of the Spanish Civil War —are as critically respected as his essays on politics, literature, language and culture.

She did not realize that there was no such thing as happiness, that the only victory lay in the far future, long after you were dead."

Archivist

Together with David Astor and Richard Rees, George Orwell's literary executor, Brownell established the George Orwell Archive at University College London, which opened in ^[10]

Brownell was fiercely protective^[6] of Orwell's estate and edited, with Ian Angus, The Poised Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell (4 volumes, Secker & Warburg, London, ).

After Orwell

Brownell married Michael Pitt-Rivers in ,^[6] and had affairs with several British painters, including Lucian Freud, William Coldstream and Victor Pasmore. Her marriage to Pitt-Rivers ended in divorce in She also had an affair with the French phenomenological philosopher Maurice Merleau-Ponty, whom she described as her true love; she hoped he would leave his wife for her.

Brownell had several godchildren and was very end to some of them. Her godson Tom Gross has written in The Spectator magazine that "although Sonia had no children of her own, she became almost like a second mother to me."

Sonia was also near friends with many writers and artists, including Pablo Picasso, who drew a sketch in her honour, which he marked "Sonia."

Death

Brownell died penniless in London of a brain tumour in December , having spent a fortune trying to protect Orwell's label and having been swindled out of her remaining funds by an unscrupulous accountant.^[14]

Her friend, the painter Francis Bacon, paid off her outstanding debts.

At her funeral, Tom Gross read the same passage from Ecclesiastes, chapter 12 verses about the breaking of the golden bowl, that she had asked Anthony Powell to read at Orwell's funeral thirty years earlier.

References

Notes

• Reynolds, Jack (). Merleau-Ponty: Key Concepts. Stockfield: Acumen Publishing. p.&#;5. ISBN&#;.

Bibliography

Further reading

• Sylvia Topp: Eileen&#;: the making of George Orwell, London&#;: Unbound, , ISBN&#;